COMPLICATION ARISING DURING BLOOD TRANSFUSION

COMPLICATION ARISING DURING BLOOD TRANSFUSION

1.Difficulty to maintain flow of blood 

The reason of showing down f blood flow or complete stoppage may be summarized as follow:

• The vein may go to a state of spasm so either the flow slow or stops.Warming the part of the limb may help restore the flow.

• The transfusion tube may be kinked.if it is so it can be rectified easily. 

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• The needle may be dislodged and the lumber of the needle may be pressed by the wall of the vein.By slightly moving the base of needle,the error can be rectified.
• The needle or tube may be blocked by air bubble.If this happens then by pressing over the skin at the point end of the needle,tube is disconnected from the mount or base  of the needle and the blood is freely allowed to run down to remove the air and then reconnected to base of needle this process is done quickly to avoid clotting of blood at the base of the needle.
• The needle or tube may be blocked by a clot.If the clot is lodged in tube then with a help of syringe clot is sucked out in syringe.If this fails then a new needle may be inserted.it is bad or dangerous practice to push the clot ahead in blood stream by a syringe.        

2.Over loading circulation
Sometimes in a haste or due to ignorance more blood or fluid may be introduced in short duration which may cause over loading of circulation.This further causes cardiac distress and respiratory distress.Specially when renal insufficiency persists.The danger is more when large quantity of fluid is introduced rapidly.The patient then present with rising of pulse rate,rapid shallow respiration,pain in chest and oedema.The transfussion should immediately be stopped and doctor should be called.`

3.Incompatibility reaction  
This is due to mismatched of transfusion.This may happens when in a haste many patients are given blood transfusion and the bottles are storedin one place.The incompatibility reaction produces immediate symptoms to alarm the nurse.The symptoms are shivering of body ,rise in body temperature,pain in the lumbar region nausea and vomting.the transfusion is stopped immediately.the late symptoms are jaundice and oliguria.
4.Allergic reaction 
Blood contains various antigen and anti bodies when transfusion start,the donor blood may cause allergic reaction in form of skin rash or itching,shievering or severe reaction like difficulty in breathing and laryngeal oedema.Transfusion is discontinued in severe cases.In mild case anti histamines are given.adrenaline may be required in severe reaction.

 skin rash reaction during blood transfusion

5.Febrile reaction 
Fever sometimes occurs either to wards the completions of transfusion or after transfusion.This is due to introduction of some pyrogen in to blood stream.It can be controlled by some paracetamol or by sponging.
6.Thrombosis of vein
Veneous thrombosis is sometimes a common complication.If it is excessive it is very painful and may cause rise of body temperature.The transfusion may be stopped if it is during course of transfusion and some pain reliever is given.
7.Haematoma formation
A haematoma may be formed at the local site of injection of needle,if the needle is dislodge and blood escapes to tissue instead of vein.The transfusion is discontinued and the  part is elevated.Hylaronidase may be infiltrated at the site of haematoma to quickly disperse the blood.
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